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wned The used filed P— f -3 = H E9S QC_£ If P_ lapsed bookstacfci at California Stab quake’s epict of the facility the County 1 to major structural damage. Th University at Northridge, located /as reopened in late August. Thiriv P?n,0i) Jf Los Angeles Public Library’s 87 b ^ oi lly closed owing to quake damage, but all '-one nf rh. r On,. id opened by mid-February. Forty-one of the Los of C Library’s 64 branches reopened two i ■ mid-October two Arii one 'Sele* days aft 1 remained closed p.i,r U|c cent for potential earthquake damage, the [if •,S ilornm completed a $40 million renovaj' .ibrarj es Violence—both man-made and natural—and the march of technology were the watchwords for libraries in 1994. After it was firebombed in 1993, the National Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina continued its valiant efforts to maintain its irreplaceable collections, including the richest assemblage of Arabic scientific and mathematical manuscripts in Europe and an invaluable collection of materials on the outbreak of World War I. In addition to rebuilding the catalog and trying to restore the library as a working tool for the people of Sarajevo, the 58 members of the staff still on the job were seeking to produce a retrospective bibliography of Bosnia and Herzegovina. International assistance was being sought through UNESCO and elsewhere. (See Architecture: Sidebar.) In late July a truck bomb devastated the Jewish cultural centre and library in Buenos Aires, which served Argentina’s 300,000 Jews, the Western Hemisphere’s second largest community. Nearly 100 persons died, and half of the important collection of Judaica from Europe and South America was lost. Natural disasters took their toil as well. Following the devastating January 17 earthquake, Los Angeles-area libraries struggled to recover from damage ranging from coi- ^Jrured 84 km (52 mi) of undergrouni Berkeley campus. In October the U.S. Library of Cqj ambitious plan to convert its most lit to digital form by the year 2000, that would be accessible worlds A Senate subcommittee held such Their Role in the Informatiq| atcd In July Maryland launched| t to provide free I me met r- the state’s public libraries^ Not everyone was enfj__ ogy, however. A long article ApnJ 4 issue of The New Yorker' I re discarding their card cat; nmared systems. Many U.S. lib^B University. Ithaca, N.Y., and Hail as were a consortium of French lib Jueen’s University, Belfast, Norther, ty, Tokyo, and the Royal BotaJ London. Baker criticized this prafifPI d anti-intellectual. It was true, he ara ne catalogs made up-to-date proce§|ji|i®® acquisitions possible, they could ngfa catalogs had been, entries cqj were convenient to use ancyf phone modem without|H computerized card catalog______ questions that could be asketP and they did not always include tjfej made on the backs of the cards) and otfiB there was multiple input from many different n any large cooperative venture, such as the B line Computer Library Center] at Dublin, quality was difficult to maintain; countless new emu itroduced. Card catalogs, Baker wrote, “euridj a better job of collocation [bringing like headings] than on-line catalogues do.” Politics had its effect on librajy management^in England consideration was being given to removinjpflun of libraries from the counties, where it had beeiifl 1974, and returning it to the districts and boroughflMe reorganization would involve breaking up collectiovihat had been developed over the past 20 years, not to mention the adverse impacts on staffs, services, and stocks. * Librarians pride themselves on catering to all sectors of the community, not excluding correctional facilities. At Wandsworth Prison in England, the “Escape with a Book” project, which used the library as a venue for exhibition*, talks, and discussion groups, won a community initiative award. Ground was broken in late November for the $85 million George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A & M University at College Station. The 38.7-ha (90-ac) archival and educational centre was scheduled to open in 1997;4fl Public library circulation in the U.S. showed a oiodeA decline of 3% in 1993, while expenditures rose by 8#» r Life Sciences: Zoology 209 Ihe annual University of Illinois survey. The B^rding 10 5gQ mujjon library loans in 1993, with more [j.K- repr°ie population using public libraries. Some £48 ,l,an halt t jjected in overdue fines. The mission of pub-„liJJionvvaS was ajs0 Seen to be changing. While a century lie l,brarh,eSDrincipal aim had been to educate, inform, and earlier the p onty order had been reversed—now the ¿jiiertam* to be t0 entertain, inform, and educate. A re-aim vva? .sf Library Association list of the most stolen books the greatest interest was in sex, the occult, jndfcate® fish Libraries were accordingly making great and uoP1 m0(jemize and appeal to contemporary readers. effort*feared closings of the graduate library schools . fprnia’s two largest universities, the University of at Ci. at Los Angeles and the University of Califor-•^Berkeley were announced. Their library-education I nia at L howeve® were merged into two newly created grggat™; ljUncrir^"1^ibrar> Association’s 113th annual confer-to Miami, Fla., in June, a drop p 4,500 from the previous year. U.S. "Ed attorney Jeanne Hurley Simon to mmission on Libraries and Informa-■y. Mary Dempsey became Chicago’s January 1994. Gary Strong left Jite librarian to head the Queens y in September. Scott Bennett Him on October 1. .gg; p. havard-williams ) tdia article Libraries and ]tes earch in zoology in 1994 revealed and responses of populations of ^Hfrations in the environment. ^Be at the focus of work that HBapd movement patterns of jded further support for the ^riBtrial ancestry to the marine speciH|Hphiimals were reported from am.^H *tein and colleagues of Oregon State y experiments to test the sensitivity of ffo ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Scientists had VT increased UV radiation levels as a conse-ce of the destruction of the ozone layer in the Earth’s er atmosphere could be a reason for reported declines in amphibian populations in many regions of the world. In a stuuyBf fne^feveloping^eggs of three species of frogs from the'Cascade Range in Oregon, the investigators used a light-filtering apparatus to modify the amount of UV light to which eggs in experimental enclosures were exposed. Eggs of two of the species showed significantly greater hatching success in the treatments in which UV light had been blocked than did eggs receiving natural sunlight Eggs of the frog species that appeared resistant to UV light were found to contain high levels of photolyase, an enzyme that repairs UV-damaged DNA. The findings supported a hypothesis that amphibian eggs are sensitive to UV light and that human-induced increases in levels of UV radiation were contributing to a decline in amphibian populations. Michael C. Newman and Margaret Mulvey of the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., and colleagues provided evidence that snail populations that have been exposed to high levels of lead in the environment for long periods sequester the toxic metal differently from snails exposed for shorter periods. The investigatonrsampled populations of the common garden snail Helix aspena in England and northern Wales and conducted laboratory analyses to determine the level of exposure of each population to lead. To estimate the duration of exposure, they used the isotopic signatures of lead (ratios of the isotopes making up the lead) to determine the proportion of the metal at a site that had been derived from recent human sources (e.g., automobiles) compared with that from older mines and smelters. Thus, they were able to determine the time period over which a snail population had been exposed to high lead levels. In snail populations experiencing longterm exposure (as long as 2,000 years at sites mined since the Roman occupation), the proportion of lead in the shell compared with soft tissues was higher than that in populations experiencing shorter exposure periods (no more than a few decades). One implication of the study was that the sequestering of lead in biologically inert tissues (the shell) provided protection from a toxic material and had been enhanced owing to the continued exposure of the populations, through either genetic selection or physiological adaptation. The importance of snails in the food web of a forest ecosystem was revealed by Jaap Grave I and of the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Heteren, and colleagues, who examined the ecological effect that acid precipitation on soils has had in parts of The Netherlands during the past several years. The eggshells of great tits (Parus major) have become increasingly thinner and more porous. Concomitantly, desertion of clutches by the birds has become more common. In the regions that they studied, the investigators documented declines in the species diversity and abundance of snails that are strongly correlated with acidification of the soil by acid rain. They further established that snail shells in the diet are critical for eggshell production in great tits and many other bird species owing to the need for calcium during egg production. High soil acidification in regions with poor soils could reduce bird populations by causing a decrease in reproductive success due to lack of snail shells. The patterns in which animal species are spatially distributed are a complex of historical circumstance, response to environmental conditions, and intraspecific and interspecific interactions. George A. Rose of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. John’s, Newfoundland, used echo sounders to discover that Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) migrating across the Newfoundland Shelf followed a deep highway of slightly warmer water (2°-225° C, or 35.6°-36.5° F) that flows under colder surrounding ocean water (less than 0° C, or 32° F). The investigator concluded that the fish, which sometimes numbered in the hundreds of millions over many kilometres, were led by larger, presumably older, scouts and that they veered from the narrow band of warm water when prey species were encountered. Midwater spawning above the warm oceanic highway was also observed. If the migration routes arc learned by older fish and used annually, the recent decline in the numbers of Atlantic cod may turn out to have a disruptive effect on cod migration patterns. Mark A Lewis of the University of Utah and James D. Murray of the University of Washington used a simple, mechanistic mathematical model to explain the pattern of territoriality in gray wolves (Cards lupus) and the interactions between wolves and deer. Their model assumed that the direction and distance of wolf dispersal are mediated by the presence or absence of wolf scent markings characteristic of raised-leg urination. They demonstrated that a stable, steady-state condition is reached naturally among individu-
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